Федеральна авіаційна адміністрація (FAA): Забезпечення безпечного неба

Ласкаво просимо у світ авіації, де безпека має першорядне значення. У цій статті ми зануримося в Федеральне управління цивільної авіації (FAA) та його вирішальну роль у забезпеченні безпечного неба в США. Ми охоплюємо все - від розуміння мети FAA до вивчення її ключових обов'язків у сфері безпілотних або безекіпажних авіаційних систем (UAS).

Дізнайтеся про останні правила FAA щодо безпілотників, як зареєструвати свій дрон і що потрібно для того, щоб стати сертифікованим дистанційним пілотом або комерційним оператором оператор безпілотника. We’ll also provide insights into recreational flying, airspace authorizations, and resources provided by the FAA. So buckle up and prepare for an informative journey through aviation safety with the FAA!

Note: For the most up-to-date and location-specific information, it’s always best to consult the FAA’s official website або зв'язатися з ними безпосередньо.

Останнє оновлення в п'ятницю, 28 липня 2023 року.

Мета Федеральної авіаційної адміністрації (FAA)

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is the principal authority ensuring civil aviation safety in the United States. Established as the Federal Aviation Agency through the Federal Aviation Act of 1958, it was renamed the FAA in 1967 when it became a division of the Department of Transportation.

The FAA’s key responsibilities include:

• Сприяння безпеці через суворе регулювання цивільної авіації
• Підтримка та розвиток цивільної авіації, впровадження передових авіаційних технологій
• Створення та управління комплексною системою управління повітряним рухом та навігації, що обслуговує як цивільні, так і військові повітряні судна
• Проведення досліджень і розробок для Національної повітряно-космічної системи та цивільної авіації
• Розробка та реалізація стратегій щодо зниження рівня шуму повітряних суден та інших впливів цивільної авіації на навколишнє середовище
• Нагляд за регулюванням комерційних космічних перевезень у США.

Обов'язки FAA щодо безпілотних авіаційних систем (UAS)

FAA відіграє важливу роль у регулюванні та нагляді за безпечною експлуатацією безпілотних авіаційних систем (БАС), більш відомих як дрони або квадрокоптери. Агентство встановлює та впроваджує правила та норми для операторів БПЛА з метою забезпечення безпеки в національному повітряному просторі.

Крім того, FAA видає сертифікати та ліцензії операторам БПЛА, проводить дослідження і розробки, а також тісно співпрацює з зацікавленими сторонами галузі з метою просування інновацій при дотриманні стандартів безпеки.

Правила FAA щодо безпілотників

Федеральне управління цивільної авіації США (FAA) встановило правила експлуатації дронів у Сполучених Штатах, включаючи вимоги до реєстрації, обмеження польотів поблизу аеропортів і правила безпеки, яких слід дотримуватися. Порушення цих правил може призвести до штрафів і покарань.

Зареєструйте свій дрон

Щоб забезпечити відповідальне та безпечне використання дронів у США, необхідно зареєструвати свій дрон у Федеральному управлінні цивільної авіації (FAA). Швидкий і простий процес можна здійснити онлайн за допомогою офіційний сайт FAA. Остерігайтеся сторонніх веб-сайтів, які пропонують послуги з реєстрації за високу плату.

Відсутність реєстрації може призвести до штрафів та Юридичний наслідки. Реєструючи свій дрон, ви робите свій внесок у загальну безпеку нашого повітряного простору.

Дрони вагою менше 250 грамів, такі як DJI Mini 3 Proзазвичай звільняються від реєстрації FAA, але це стосується лише тих випадків, коли дрон використовується в рекреаційних цілях. Як тільки ці легкі дрони починають використовуватися в комерційних цілях, реєстрація FAA стає обов'язковою вимогою.

Який ви пілот безпілотника?

FAA розрізняє рекреаційні флаєри і сертифіковані дистанційні пілоти насамперед, виходячи з мети експлуатації безпілотника.

• Рекреаційні флаєриАматори, або хобісти, використовують дрони для розваги та особистого задоволення. Вони повинні літати відповідно до Винятку для рекреаційних польотів і дотримуватися кількох вимог, таких як польоти в межах візуальної видимості, дотримання обмежень повітряного простору та проходження Рекреаційний тест на безпеку БПЛА (ДОВІРА).
• Сертифіковані дистанційні пілоти, on the other hand, are individuals who have passed the FAA’s Частина 107 процес сертифікації, що дозволяє їм використовувати дрони в комерційних цілях, таких як фотозйомка, операції з нерухомістю або інспекції. Частина 107 сертифіковані пілоти повинні бути не молодше 16 років, вільно володіти англійською мовою, бути фізично і психічно придатними для керування дроном і скласти початковий іспит з авіаційних знань у схваленому FAA центрі тестування знань. Ця сертифікація також дозволяє пілотам подавати заявки на отримання дозволів на польоти в певних обмежених умовах, що розширює сферу їхньої діяльності.

Таким чином, ключова відмінність полягає в меті польоту - рекреаційний чи комерційний - і відповідних правилах, яких повинен дотримуватися кожен тип оператора.

Віддалена ідентифікація

FAA запровадила набір правил, відомих як Дистанційна ідентифікація (Remote ID) для дронів. This protocol serves as a digital license plate, allowing for the tracking and identification of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) in flight.

Starting September 16, 2023, all пілоти дронів obliged to register their UAS will be mandated to comply with the Remote ID rule. Upholding safety and security is paramount to the FAA, and the implementation of Remote ID for drones is a critical step in the agency’s drone integration endeavors.

Remote ID provides crucial data that can be accessed by other aircraft, people on the ground, and the FAA. The information includes the drone’s ID, location, altitude, speed, and direction of flight. Importantly, it also provides the location of the drone’s control station or takeoff point.

The requirement for Remote ID applies to all drones weighing over 0.55 pounds unless exclusively operated in FAA-recognized identification areas (FRIAs).

Remote ID is also mandatory for sub-250-gram drones equipped with RID capability. Both recreational and commercial drones fall under these requirements.

The FAA offers three ways to comply with Remote ID:

• Operate a Standard Remote ID drone
• Operate a drone with a Remote ID broadcast module
• Operate (without Remote ID equipment) at FAA-recognized identification areas

From the moment of launching to powering down, the drone transmits the following data:

• The drone’s ID (which is a serial number compliant with Remote ID),
• The location and altitude of the drone,
• The speed at which the drone is moving,
• The position and height of the control station,
• A timestamp,
• And any emergency status updates.

The ultimate objective of Remote ID is to enhance safety and security. It gives authorities the ability to track drones, reduce risks related to rogue drone activities, and facilitate the integration of drones into the national airspace system. It’s a crucial step in paving the way for expanded operations, such as drone deliveries and flights over people.

Рекреаційний флаєр

According to the Federal Aviation Administration, a recreational drone flier or operator is anyone who pilots unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), popularly known as drones, for personal interests and enjoyment rather than for business purposes or compensation. This might involve activities like aerial photography, racing, or simply flying for pleasure.

Recreational fliers must follow FAA guidelines known as the “Exception for Limited Recreational Operations of Unmanned Aircraft,” which includes requirements such as flying drones weighing less than 55 pounds, unless certified by a community-based organization; operating within visual line-of-sight; and never flying near other aircraft or over groups of people. They must also pass Тест на безпеку рекреаційних БПЛА (TRUST) and carry proof of test passage.

While recreational fliers are not required to obtain Частина 107 certification, they still need to register their drones with the FAA, unless the drone weighs less than 0.55 pounds.

Тест на безпеку рекреаційних БПЛА (TRUST)

У "The Recreational Unmanned Aircraft Systems Safety Test (TRUST) is a FREE training and testing program implemented by the Federal Aviation Administration for recreational пілоти дронів.

ДОВІРА aims to ensure drone users have a basic understanding of the rules, regulations, and safety practices associated with recreational drone operations. The test is mandatory for all recreational пілоти дронів, regardless of their drone’s size or the pilot’s experience level.

ДОВІРА consists of a brief online training component followed by a test. Once completed successfully, the test-taker receives a certificate, which they must have accessible while operating their drone.

Де я можу запустити свій дрон?

Recreational fliers can fly in uncontrolled airspace, away from airports and populated areas. Check local regulations and airspace restrictions before flying. Many parks and open spaces are designated “model aircraft fields” for safe flying.

Fly responsibly and respect the privacy and safety of others. Get involved in local flying clubs for approved locations. Check the FAA’s B4UFLY app before taking your quadcopter airborne. The B4UFLY app is available to download for free at the App Store for iOS and Google Play store for Android. B4UFLY is also available as a desktop version for preflight planning and research.

The Federal Aviation Administration allows recreational drone fliers to operate their drones under certain restrictions to ensure safety. These include:

1. Flying at or below 400 feet in uncontrolled or “Class G” airspace. This is airspace where the FAA is not controlling manned air traffic.
2. If recreational users wish to fly in controlled airspace (around and above many airports), they must receive airspace authorization through the Low Altitude Authorization and Notification Capability (LAANC) system.
3. Recreational пілоти дронів must also avoid flying near other aircraft or over groups of people, public events, or stadiums full of people.
4. Drones should not interfere with emergency response activities and should not be operated under the influence of drugs or alcohol.
5. It’s also crucial that drone operators never fly near or over sensitive infrastructure or property such as power stations, water treatment facilities, correctional facilities, heavily traveled roadways, government facilities, etc.
6. Пілоти безпілотників must respect privacy rights and avoid flying over private property without permission.

Always consult the FAA’s official guidelines and local laws for the most accurate and up-to-date information.

Дотримуйтесь правил безпеки громадської організації

The Federal Aviation Administration recognizes Community-Based Organizations (CBOs) as groups representing recreational drone users’ interests.

These organizations provide a platform for hobbyists and enthusiasts to connect, learn, and share knowledge. CBOs play a vital role in promoting safe drone usage by establishing safety guidelines that align with the FAA’s rules for recreational flyers. They’re a valuable resource for recreational drone users to stay informed about the latest regulations, technology, and best practices in the rapidly evolving world of drone technology. Joining a recognized CBO can greatly enhance a recreational drone user’s experience and knowledge.

“Recreational drone flyers must use FAA-recognized CBO safety guidelines to meet the statutory requirement of Section 44809(a)(2). However, recreational flyers are not required to become members of a CBO,” states the FAA website.

Recreational drone fliers need to follow the safety guidelines from Community-Based Organizations (CBOs) for several reasons. Primarily, these guidelines help ensure the safety of the flier, people on the ground, and other aircraft in the airspace. By adhering to these guidelines, fliers can avoid incidents that could result in damage or injury. Not following these safety measures can lead to penalties from the FAA.

READ: WHAT CBO SHOULD YOU USE? GOOD, BAD, AND UGLY

Lastly, practicing safe flying habits fosters a positive public perception of drone use and helps maintain access to shared airspace for all drone enthusiasts.

Сертифіковані дистанційні пілоти та оператори комерційних дронів

The Federal Aviation Administration defines a commercial drone pilot as an individual who operates an Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) or drone for business purposes or to provide a service.

This can encompass a wide range of activities, including but not limited to, aerial photography, real estate inspections, surveying land for construction, agricultural monitoring, and drone delivery services.

According to the FAA, any drone operation that supports a business or is used to generate income is considered commercial. Commercial drone pilots must have a Remote Pilot Certificate (sometimes referred to as an FAA Drone License or Частина 107 Certificate) under the FAA’s Small UAS Rule (Part 107), demonstrating they understand the regulations, operating requirements, and procedures for safely flying drones.

The FAA describes Certified Remote Pilots and Commercial Drone Operators as individuals who have received special certification to operate unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), or drones, for commercial purposes.

These individuals have passed the FAA’s Aeronautical Knowledge Test, also known as Частина 107, demonstrating a thorough understanding of aviation theory, airspace regulations, weather conditions, emergency procedures, and safety practices related to drone operation.

The certification acknowledges their ability to use drones in a variety of commercial contexts, such as aerial photography, inspections, and surveying. The FAA emphasizes that сертифіковані пілоти are responsible for operating drones in a manner that ensures the safety of national airspace and the public. The certification is a testament to their professionalism, skill, and adherence to FAA regulations.

Як стати пілотом комерційного дрона

Becoming a Частина 107 Certified Remote Pilot is essential for operating drones commercially, requiring passing an FAA knowledge exam and TSA security screening. Commercial drone pilots must register their drones and adhere to FAA regulations for safe airspace.

Becoming an FAA Part 107 certified drone pilot involves several steps:

1. Age Requirement: You must be at least 16 years old.
2. Aeronautical Knowledge Test: You must pass the initial aeronautical knowledge test at an FAA-approved knowledge testing center. This test covers topics such as airspace classification and operating requirements, emergency procedures, radio communication procedures, and more.
3. TSA Security Check: After passing the test, you’ll need to undergo a security background check conducted by the Transportation Security Administration (TSA).
4. FAA Airman Certificate Application: Upon clearing the background check, you must complete an FAA Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application (IACRA) to receive your remote pilot certificate.
5. Certificate Issue: If everything is approved, you’ll receive a temporary certificate online, while the permanent one will be sent via mail.

The certificate needs to be renewed every two years, which involves passing a recurrent knowledge test. Becoming a Part 107 certified drone pilot demonstrates a comprehensive understanding of the regulations, operating requirements, and procedures for safely flying drones.

Операції за межами прямої видимості (BVLOS)

BVLOS operations allow drones to fly beyond the operator’s visual range. Certified remote pilots can conduct BVLOS operations with proper training and authorization, expanding their services and revolutionizing industries like delivery, inspections, and aerial photography.

According to the Federal Aviation Administration, Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) operations refer to unmanned aircraft system (UAS) or drone flights conducted beyond the pilot’s visual range. In other words, during BVLOS operations, the pilot cannot directly see and follow the drone with their naked eye. Such operations require special permission from the FAA because they pose more potential risks than flights within visual line of sight.

Flying BVLOS requires advanced technology to maintain control, navigate, and avoid other aircraft or obstacles. It’s widely considered the next significant step for the Індустрія безпілотників, enabling more complex operations, like drone deliveries, large-scale inspections, and long-range surveillance, to name a few.

However, due to the increased safety considerations, BVLOS operations are heavily regulated, and exemptions are granted on a case-by-case basis.

Нічні операції з безпілотниками

Night operations, whether by Частина 107 Certified Remote Pilots або Commercial Drone Operators, require near real-time authorizations through LAANC. The FAA regulations specify lighting requirements and emphasize the importance of safety procedures and situational awareness.

Операції безпілотників над людьми

Certified Remote Pilots follow FAA regulations for operations over people to ensure safety. Commercial drone operators undergo specific training and certification for conducting operations over people, implementing additional safety measures. The FAA provides guidelines to ensure the responsible use of drones over people. Compliance with these regulations is crucial for maintaining safe airspace operations.

The remote pilot must meticulously consider the drone’s path, speed, and trajectory, factoring in the possibility of an abrupt failure, to assess whether the drone might pass over or collide with a person who is not actively involved in the flight operation (non-participant). Moreover, using a safety-centric approach to risk, the remote pilot is required to ensure that:

• The drone does not fly over non-participants who are neither under a covered structure nor inside a stationary covered vehicle;
• In the event of a loss of control over the drone for any reason, the drone will not pose excessive danger to other aircraft, individuals, or property (as per § 107.19); and
• The drone is operated in a manner that is neither careless nor reckless, thus avoiding endangering the life or property of another (as per § 107.23).
• If the remote pilot is unable to adhere to these criteria, the flight should either not proceed, or if already underway, it should be halted promptly and safely.

Частина 107 Відмова від прав

A waiver represents an authoritative permit granted by the FAA, allowing specific aircraft operations beyond the restrictions of a particular regulation.

You can apply for an operational waiver if you wish to perform certain drone operations that are not permitted under Частина 107.

These waivers grant Certified Remote Pilots the flexibility to diverge from certain Частина 107 rules, provided they can substantiate that they can maintain safety through alternative procedures.

Карти об'єктів UAS

Карти об'єктів UAS offer crucial data for drone operations, including airspace restrictions, maximum altitudes around airports, and other hazards.

Pilots can use the maps to plan flights, avoid prohibited areas, and comply with safety regulations. Regular updates ensure accurate and current information for enhanced situational awareness.

UAS Facility Maps, as defined by the FAA, are digital representations that show areas and altitudes near airports where drones can operate safely. They are designed to help drone operators understand where they can fly and the maximum altitude they can reach in specific areas, particularly in controlled airspace.

These maps provide crucial data that’s used when submitting requests to operate in such controlled airspace. While they don’t grant instant authorization, they serve as a guide for пілоти дронів applying for airspace authorizations through the Low Altitude Authorization and Notification Capability (LAANC) or DroneZone.

It’s important to note that these maps are updated regularly to reflect the most current airspace data.

Дозволи на використання повітряного простору для аматорських польотів

Beginning February 20, Recreational Flyers can submit a request for airspace clearance to operate drones in controlled airspace during nighttime via LAANC. Before initiating your flight, ensure you fulfill all prerequisites stipulated under the Exception for Limited Recreational Operations of Unmanned Aircraft.

Частина 107 Дозволи на використання повітряного простору

Частина 107 Дозволи на використання повітряного простору enable drone operators to fly in controlled airspace, ensuring safety and compliance. Proper authorization must be obtained for restricted or prohibited airspace, especially for commercial operations. The FAA reviews and approves airspace authorization requests to promote responsible drone operations.

Ресурси FAA

The FAA, or Federal Aviation Administration, oversees civil aviation in the US. Its website provides resources and information for pilots, aircraft owners, and industry professionals. Access regulations, safety guidelines, and training materials. Report concerns or incidents via the FAA hotline.

Зона безпілотників FAA

Зона безпілотників FAA is a valuable resource for drone operators, providing information on regulations, safety guidelines, and drone registration. The portal also features an authorized flight zone database and a mobile app for real-time airspace information.

Симпозіум FAA з безпілотників

У "The Симпозіум FAA з безпілотників is an annual event that brings together aviation professionals worldwide. It provides a platform for sharing knowledge, discussing challenges, and exploring new ideas in aviation safety and regulations. Attendees can participate in workshops, panel discussions, and networking sessions.

In 2023, the FAA Drone Symposium will take place at the Baltimore Convention Center, Baltimore, MD on Tuesday, August 1, and the morning of Wednesday, August 2

Поінформованість про безпеку безпілотників FAA

The FAA organizes an annual Drone Safety Day (Saturday, April 29, 2023). The Drone Safety Day (DSD) is an initiative aimed at raising awareness among the drone community about the crucial role of secure flight operations. DSD underscores the social, economic, and safety advantages of responsible drone usage through a mix of in-person, online, and combined events, emphasizing on key areas like Education, Economics, Equity, Environment, and Emergencies. The FAA collaborates with industry stakeholders to implement safety initiatives.

Додаток FAA B4UFLY

У "The Додаток FAA B4UFLY helps drone operators navigate airspace restrictions and check real-time information. With a user-friendly interface and interactive maps, pilots can plan flights, check weather conditions and nearby airports. The app ensures compliance, promoting safe and responsible drone operation.

The B4UFLY app is available to download for free at the App Store for iOS and Google Play store for Android. B4UFLY is also available as a desktop version for preflight planning and research.

ЛАНС

LAANC, or the Low Altitude Authorization and Notification Capability, is a system developed by the Federal Aviation Administration in the United States. It provides пілоти дронів with near real-time processing of airspace authorizations for flights under controlled airspace, a process that traditionally could take several weeks.

The LAANC system automates the application and approval process for airspace authorizations, allowing recreational and commercial drone pilots to quickly gain access to controlled airspace, provided they meet the necessary requirements. This includes flying at or below approved altitudes, following FAA rules and regulations, and operating a drone responsibly.

Through LAANC, the FAA effectively integrates drones into the national airspace system, promotes safer skies, and encourages responsible drone usage.

Тимчасові обмеження польотів (TFR)

Temporary Flight Restrictions, often referred to as TFRs, are specific rules put in place by the FAA that temporarily restrict certain types of flights from operating within a defined area to protect persons or property in the air or on the ground.

These restrictions can be put in place for a variety of reasons, including but not limited to: special events, natural disasters, security measures, space operations, or other situations that warrant such restrictions for the safety and security of air traffic.

TFRs can impact all aircraft operations, including drones or Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS). Drone operators must always check for TFRs in their planned area of operations before launching any flight. Violating a TFR can lead to hefty penalties, including fines and potential revocation of FAA certificates.

Подорожуйте з дроном

When traveling with your drone, it’s important to familiarize yourself with FAA rules and guidelines. Ensure your drone is securely packed, follow TSA guidelines for batteries, and research local regulations. Check airspace restrictions, obtain necessary permits, and use FAA’s B4UFLY app for advisories.

Консультативний комітет з питань перспективної авіації FAA

У "The Advanced Aviation Advisory Committee (AAAC) is a comprehensive federal advisory body, providing the FAA with impartial counsel and suggestions on critical issues, interests, and policies relating to Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) and Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) integration. The work of the AAAC pertains to the effective and secure assimilation of advanced aviation technologies into the National Airspace System.

The committee’s transformation was driven by a charter amendment that changed the original FAA’s Drone Advisory Committee, broadening its scope and increasing its members from 35 to 41.

Повідомлення про аварію безпілотника

If you witness or are involved in a drone accident, report it through the FAA’s official channels with detailed information such as time, location, and any relevant media. Reporting ensures safety and regulation in the airspace.

Філософія комплаєнсу FAA та правозастосування

The FAA prioritizes education and correction over punitive enforcement. Enforcement actions are taken for safety purposes. Collaboration with stakeholders promotes a proactive safety culture, with compliance actions including training and corrective measures. The FAA maintains a balance between compliance and enforcement for safe skies.

Висновок

In conclusion, the Federal Aviation Administration plays a crucial role in ensuring the safety of our skies. Whether you are a recreational flyer or a certified remote pilot, it is important to be aware of and comply with FAA regulations. Registering your drone, obtaining necessary authorizations, and staying informed about airspace restrictions are all key responsibilities for drone operators. The FAA provides a range of resources, such as the FAA Drone Zone and B4UFLY app, to help you navigate the rules and regulations. Remember, the safety of our airspace is a collective responsibility, and by following FAA guidelines, we can all enjoy the benefits of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) while keeping our skies safe.

Новини FAA